Indian Ocean - South-East Asian Marine Turtle Memorandum of Understanding

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ID	Full Title	Author	Year	PDF
559	Hawksbill turtle monitoring in Cousin Island Special Reserve, Seychelles: an eight-fold increase in annual nesting numbers	Allen ZC, Shah NJ, Grant A, Derand G, Bell D	2010	240 KB
	KEYWORDS: Eretmochelys imbricata, Indian Ocean, Seychelles, Turtle conservation
	ABSTRACT: Results of hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata nest monitoring on Cousin Island, Seychelles, indicate an 8-fold increase in abundance of nesting females since the early 1970s when the population was highly depleted. From 1999 to 2009, the population increased at an average rate of 16.5 turtles per season. Females were individually tagged, and nesting data were derived from indirect evidence of nesting attempts (i.e. tracks) and actual turtle sightings (56 to 60% of all encounters). Survey effort varied over the years for a variety of reasons, but the underlying trends over time are considered robust. To overcome biases associated with variable survey effort, we estimated population changes by fitting a Poisson distribution to data on numbers of times each individual was seen at this breeding site in a season. This was used to estimate unseen individuals, and hence the total number of nesting females each season. The maximum number of individuals emerging onto Cousin Island to nest within a single season was estimated to be 256 (2007 to 2008) compared to 23 in 1973. Tag returns indicate that many turtles nest on both Cousin and Cousine Islands (2 km apart), and that some inter-island nesting also occurs between Cousin and more remote islands within the Seychelles. EXTERNAL LINK

631	Interactions between green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and foxes (Vulpes vulpes arabica, Vulpes rueppellii sabaea, and Vulpes cana) on turtle nesting grounds in the northwestern Indian Ocean: impacts of the fox community on the behaviour of nesting sea turtles at the Ras Al Hadd Nature Reserve, Oman	Mendonca VM, SM Al Saady, AA Al Kiyumi, K Erzini	2010	985 KB
	KEYWORDS: Chelonia mydas, Ras Al Hadd, Vulpes cana, Vulpes rueppellii sabaea, Vulpes vulpes arabica
	ABSTRACT: Green turtles Chelonia mydas nest year round at the Ras Al Hadd Nature Reserve, Oman, with a distinct lower-density nesting season from Oct. to May, and a higher-density nesting season from June to Sept. On these beaches, the main predators of turtle eggs and hatchlings are foxes Vulpes spp., wolves Canis lupus arabs, and wild cats Felis spp. and Caracal caracal schmitzi. During 1999-2001, both the nesting behavior of these turtles and the diets of foxes (the main predator on the beaches) were investigated, and we tested whether female turtles were able to avoid/ reduce predation pressure on their eggs and hatchlings on the nesting grounds. Elsewhere in the region and globally, foxes are known to feed on rodents, lizards, birds, and insects, but at Ras Al Hadd, their diet is basically composed of sea turtle eggs and hatchlings (comprising about 95% in volume), with smaller contributions from other marine invertebrates (mostly ghost crabs Ocypode spp. and large gastropods), although they also sporadically ingested birds and lizards. The ability to adapt to a diet of sea turtle eggs and hatchlings, on these beaches, is certainly a factor behind the success of this carnivore community in the arid lands of the Arabian Peninsula. Field experiments indicated that nesting sea turtles recognized both natural predators and humans as threats to their offspring, and this was reflected in modifications to their nesting behavior. In relatively undisturbed areas (by both natural predators and humans), sea turtle nest density was significantly higher, and nests were placed further away from the surf ’s edge, in contrast to results from relatively disturbed areas, where turtle nests were closer to the surf ’s edge, thus reducing the distance hatchlings had to travel when they emerge and begin their journey to the sea. Nesting turtles interrupted their nesting cycle if they sensed the presence of people or foxes, returning to the sea without laying a clutch. However, if they had already initiated oviposition when they sensed the presence of people and/or predators, they continued, although they significantly increased efforts to camouflage their nests. Other reasons behind nest site abandonment included sand collapsing events (critical during preparation of the egg chamber) and intraspecific competition for nest sites. These behavioral patterns of sea turtles result from their evolutionary adaptation to nesting on beaches, which surely played a role in their survival, but also highlight the importance of minimizing human disturbance and activities on turtle nesting beaches. EXTERNAL LINK

126	Flore et habitats du littoral d'Itsamia (Mohéli): Biodiversité, conservation et restauration. Conservatoire Botanique National de Mascarin	Boullet V	2009	6.1 MB
	KEYWORDS: Comoros, conservation, habitat, management, nesting sites, rehabilitation, reproduction

326	Advances in sea turtle conservation in Kenya	Gakuo AM	2009	23 KB
	KEYWORDS: community participation, community-based conservation, conservation, Green turtle, Hawksbill turtle, Kenya, Leatherback turtle, Loggerhead turtle, threats

375	Aldabra turtle monitoring protocol: Beach surveys to count turtle tracks - Part 1: Field work and data sheets. Seychelles Island Foundation	Mortimer JA	2009	1.6 MB
	KEYWORDS: beach, Education, monitoring, nesting, population, Seychelles

381	Confronting climate change in the Indian Ocean: A look at coral reefs and nesting beaches	Mortimer JA, Sheppard CRC	2009	N/A
	KEYWORDS: beach, climate change, feeding sites, habitat, nesting, nesting sites, Western Indian Ocean
	EXTERNAL LINK

389	Les tortues marines de Nosy Iranja: Études bio-eligiques de la ponte et enques socio-enomiques dans le Nord Ouest de Madagascar. Rapport preminaire	Rafaeliarisoa C	2009	N/A
	KEYWORDS: Madagascar, nesting, nesting sites, socio-economics

485	Turtle bycatch in the pelagic longline fishery off southern Africa	Petersen SL, Honig MB, Ryan PG, Nel R, Underhill LG	2009	1.2 MB
	KEYWORDS: beach, bycatch, fisheries, Green turtle, Hawksbill turtle, Leatherback turtle, Loggerhead turtle, longline fisheries, nesting, population, South Africa, threats
	ABSTRACT: Capture by pelagic longline fisheries has been identified as a key threat to turtle populations. This study is the first assessment of turtle bycatch in the South African pelagic longline fishery for tunas Thunnus spp. and swordfish Xiphias gladius. A total of 181 turtles was caught on observed sets between 1998 and 2005, at a rate of 0.04 per 1 000 hooks (0-15.5 per 1 000 hooks, SD = 1.28). Loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta comprised 60.0% of the total turtle capture and were caught at rate of 0.02 per 1 000 hooks. The second most commonly caught species was the leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea (33.8%), which were caught at rate of 0.01 per 1 000 hooks. Five hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata were caught at a rate of 0.001 per 1 000 hooks and three green turtles Chelonia mydas at a rate of 0.001 per 1 000 hooks. Catches were clustered, with 70% of turtles caught on 1% of sets. Apart from one set on the Agulhas Bank, on the southern coast of South Africa, all sets that caught three or more turtles were on the Walvis Ridge and on the shelf edge north of the Orange River (25°-31° S and 0°-15° E). Most of the variance in turtle bycatch was accounted for by 'vessel'. Five vessels (of a total of 50) caught 65% of turtles, at a rate of 0.4 per 1 000 hooks. The target species (swordfish or tunas) was the second most important explanatory variable, 89.5% of turtles were caught by swordfish-directed vessels at a rate of 0.15 per 1 000 hooks. Season was the third most important explanatory variable, with more turtles caught between January and June (0.13 per 1 000 per hooks) than in the remainder of the year (0.03 per 1 000 hooks), although leatherback turtles tended to be caught throughout the year. Extrapolations based on stratification by 5° grid cell, by season and by target species estimated that a total of 190 turtles was caught per year (approximately 100 loggerheads and 50 leatherbacks). Using three different techniques, the extrapolations varied between 190 and 560 turtles per year. However, if the proposed increase in fishing effort to 50 rights-holders is effected, turtle bycatch is likely to increase to about 770 turtles per year. Leatherback turtles caught by the South African pelagic longline fisheries are likely to be from the local nesting population. That population has been protected at its nesting beaches but has not recovered as expected. The overlap of turtle tracks and fishing effort suggests that the longline fishery could be partially responsible for the slow recovery.

488	Monitoring, tagging and conservation of marine turtles in Mozambique: 2008/09 Annual report	Pereira MAM, Videira EJS, Narane DA	2009	452 KB
	KEYWORDS: conservation, Green turtle, Leatherback turtle, Loggerhead turtle, monitoring, mortality, nesting, nesting sites, population, tagging
	ABSTRACT: Marine turtle nesting data are presented for the 2008/09 season. A total of 626 nests were reported, with the majority (68.2%) of them being laid in southern Mozambique (Bazaruto Archipelago - Ponta do Ouro). The loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) was the dominant both in terms of number of nests (356), followed by the green turtle (Chelonia mydas, 189 nests) and the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea, 63). The area between Inhaca Island and Ponta do Ouro, had the highest number of nests, and again confirmed its high value as a nesting site for C. caretta and D. coriacea. On the other hand, Vamizi and Rongui islands were important for nesting of C. mydas. In these areas, systematic monitoring and conservation activities are in place, demonstrating therefore, the importance of such long-term programs. It was also in these areas that the great majority of turtles were tagged (208 out of a total of 210). In other areas information on nesting and mortality is not available (especially in north and central Mozambique). Only 18 mortalities were reported, this being a gross under-estimation of the real figures. Conservation areas or locations with marine turtle conservation projects, namely the Quirimbas and Bazaruto Archipelago National Parks, the Cabo de São Sebastião Total Protection Zone, and the Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago, the data was deficient or even non-existent. This suggests serious problems with the functioning and effectiveness of these conservation areas regarding the conservation of these protected species. Contrary to this trend, the Maputo Special Reserve has been showing good results from the monitoring program that has been running for two years. Lastly, the need for higher coordination and information sharing within the different projects must be highlighted as well as the financial support for the conservation of marine turtles in the country. The participation of the private sector must be encouraged, taking the areas were successful monitoring programs are currently running (e.g. Ponta do Ouro, Malongane and Vamizi) as an example, where the role of the private sector is fundamental.

1	Sea turtles of KwaZulu-Natal: Data report for 2007/8 season. Report for Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife	Nel R	2008	1.5 MB
	KEYWORDS: beach, behaviour, conservation, gill net, internesting, Leatherback turtle, Loggerhead turtle, management, monitoring, Mozambique, nesting, nesting success, population, research, satellite telemetry, South Africa, tagging, Western Indian Ocean
	ABSTRACT: This report aims to document the major initiatives in the 2007/8 turtle nesting season in northern KwaZulu-Natal, along with all the other events that add momentum and responsibility to this programme. The long-term nest monitoring forms the basis of turtle conservation activities in South Africa, but the highly migratory nature of turtles demands attention broader than conservation in the nesting areas. The park and provincial conservation activities are complemented by programme undertaken by NGOs (Natal Sharks Board and aquaria), national government (MCM and DEAT) and two universities (NMMU and Stellenbosch). The hard work in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW) staff, turtle monitors and concessionaires (especially Rocktail Bay) is acknowledged. Monitoring continued as per normal between October and March, using vehicle and foot patrols. Shark net catches, strandings, satellite tracking and other research projects are also reported on. EKZNW increased monitoring and conservation effort over the last two seasons to include turtles nesting on the small, 3km-piece of coast between Kosi Lake and the national boarder with Mozambique. The most important results include that the loggerhead nesting trend is extremely favourable and the increase in the number of nests per annum is thus continuing. The leatherback numbers are still small but steady. Seven turtles nested on both sides of the national border carrying both Mozambique and South African flipper tags, highlighting the cosmopolitan nature of these creatures. This was further confirmed by the satellite tracks of three leatherbacks, which spanned the EEZ of six countries, stretching between the northern sections of the Mozambique Channel in the east to Ascension Island, off Angola on the west coast. Other results reported on include the internesting behaviour of leatherbacks, age-at-maturity for loggerheads and nesting success of both species on a section of the beach. In November 2007 the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism signed the African Atlantic Memorandum of Agreement under the Convention of Migratory Species (CMS). South Africa is therefore a signatory to the mother convention (CMS), as well as both turtle specific agreements, the Indian Ocean South East Asia Agreement (IOSEA MoU) and the Africa Atlantic MoU (Africa MoU). A scientific and technical support committee, the Western Indian Ocean Marine Turtle Task Force (WIO MTTF), for the east coast of Africa was also formally constituted under the Nairobi Convention at the Conference of Parties in November 2007. The first meeting of the WIO MTTF took place in February 2008 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

15	Marine turtle monitoring and conservation in southern Mozambique. Update 2007 / 2008	Lombard P	2008	140 KB
	KEYWORDS: conservation, Leatherback turtle, Loggerhead turtle, management, monitoring, Mozambique, nesting, poaching, population, South Africa, tagging
	ABSTRACT: From 02 December 2007 to 15 January 2008 turtle breeding activity was monitored from Ponto Malongane to Ponto Dobela. A total of 74 loggerhead and 6 leatherback turtles were tagged and 19 turtles with old tags were recorded this season. Two turtles tagged in South Africa this year were recorded in the study area and no turtles were known to have been killed, although local people robbing nests remains a concern. A pattern of turtle abundance is becoming evident and, although fairly consistent from year to year, it appears to be different for the two species. This year monitoring was also carried out, by other teams, both north and south of this study area to obtain data from Inhaca to the Mozambique border and this information is presented separately.

32	Influence of ocean currents on long-distance movement of leatherback sea turtles in the Southwest Indian Ocean	Lambardi P, Lutjeharms JRE, Mencacci R, Hays GC, Luschi P	2008	2.8 MB
	KEYWORDS: Leatherback turtle, migration, ocean currents, post-nesting, satellite telemetry, South Africa
	ABSTRACT: Leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea spend most of their life in oceanic environments, whose physical and biological characteristics are primarily forged by sea current circulation. Water mass movements can mechanically act on swimming turtles, thus determining their routes, and can differentially distribute their planktonic prey. By integrating satellite tracking data with contemporaneous remote-sensing information, we analysed the post-nesting journeys of 9 leatherbacks with respect to oceanographic surface conditions. Tracked turtles showed large variations in migration routes and in final destinations, apparently without heading for specific foraging areas. Their complex tracks spread over wide regions around South Africa. Leatherbacks were greatly influenced by the currents encountered during their movements, with their trajectories displaying curves or revolutions in the presence of (and in accordance with) rotating water masses. An impressive similarity was observed between large parts of the turtle routes and those of surface drifters tracked in the same regions. Finally, leatherbacks remained associated for long periods with specific oceanographic features, which most probably offered them profitable foraging opportunities. These results agree with previous findings in showing a strong influence of oceanic currents and mesoscale features on the movements of South African leatherbacks, and additionally identify the role of current-related features in causing the observed route variability and in determining high-quality foraging hotspots for leatherbacks moving in the ocean

53	Report of the fourth session of the IOTC working party on ecosystems and bycatch	IOTC	2008	1.5 MB
	KEYWORDS: bycatch, ecosystem, fisheries, gill net, longline fisheries, management, purse seine fisheries, Western Indian Ocean

91	Report of the fifth meeting of the IOSEA Signatory States	IOSEA Marine Turtle MoU Secretariat	2008	488 KB
	KEYWORDS: bycatch, coastal development, Comoros, conservation, fisheries, Green turtle, management, resource use, Western Indian Ocean
	ABSTRACT: The Fifth Meeting of the Signatory States was held in Bali, Indonesia, from 20-23 August 2008, preceded by a two-day session of the IOSEA Advisory Committee. The meeting was hosted by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, with logistical support from WWF-Indonesia and Udayana University. Twenty-six Signatory States - almost the entire IOSEA membership - were officially represented. Advisory Committee members, invited experts and observers from non-Signatory States, as well as intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations, rounded out the attendance. The gathering of 100 delegates was the largest IOSEA conference held so far, and it marked the second time the meeting was organised in one of the four IOSEA sub-regions, outside of the secretariat's Bangkok headquarters.

127	The Eastern African Marine Ecoregion Vision: A large-scale approach to the management of biodiversity	WWF Eastern African Marine Ecoregion	2008	1.8 MB
	KEYWORDS: action plan, conservation, habitat, management, threats
	ABSTRACT: This report introduces the EAME Vision, describes the coast and its biodiversity and the important ecological connectivity within the region. Uses and threats to marine biodiversity are outlined, as is the importance of biodiversity conservation. WWF's ecoregion approach to conservation is introduced and an explanation is given of the processes involved in establishing priorities for biodiversity conservation in the EAME. Descriptions are provided of all 21 sites, including a summary of the threats and interventions associated with each, followed by a proposal of the actions needed to achieve the vision.

156	New assessment for Lepidochelys olivacea	IUCN	2008	729 KB
	KEYWORDS: bycatch, conservation status, disease, exploitation, habitat, habitat destruction, incidental capture, Olive ridley turtle, predation, reproduction, threats

160	A successful co-management of marine turtle conservation in Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park, Tanzania	Mahenge J	2008	103 KB
	KEYWORDS: awareness, conservation, exploitation, genetics, management, monitoring, nesting, poaching, Tanzania
	ABSTRACT: Mnazi Bay - Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP) is geographically located in Mtwara region at the Southern tip of Tanzania's coast that borders with Mozambique. The park wasgazetted in July 2000 and is the second Marine Park in Tanzania formed under the Marine Parks and Reserves Act number 29 of 1994. The Mnazi bay and Ruvuma estuary wereidentified as areas of biodiversity value at both national and international levels. Marine turtles form an important component of the park's resources. All five species of turtles that are found in the Western Indian Ocean region have been sited in MBREMP. In view of assessment of the important marine resources in MBREMP, four nesting sites namely Litokoto, Kingumi, Msimbati and Ruvula beaches are currently managed by four Community Turtle Officers in collaboration with MBREMP staff through regular beach patrols, awareness raising and data collection. The implementation of the long-term conservation strategy for marine turtles in MBREMP began in 2004 and it emphasized local community involvement in conjunction with awareness raising, education, research, monitoring and eco-tourism. In 2004 a total of 34 nests were protected and successfully hatched to 2, 122 hatchlings. The average incubation duration was 54 days while the overall hatching success was 61.8%. The skin samples collected for DNA analysis were 5 and 15 turtles were reported killed deliberately. The results provide vivid evidence of local community involvement in conservation activities is beneficial to the local turtle population when compared with findings of the 2003 Marine Turtle Assessment in MBREMP.

177	Marine turtles and IUCN Red Listing: A review of the process, the pitfalls and novel assessment approaches	Seminoff JA, Shanker K	2008	1.3 MB
	KEYWORDS: conservation, conservation status, population
	ABSTRACT: Marine turtles have been exploited by humans since pre-history, with particular intensity in the last century, the result of which has been the depletion of most nesting populations in the world. In many cases these declines have been reversed thanks to a variety of effective conservation programs. Several nesting populations maintain positive growth trends, although most are probably depleted relative to historic levels, while others continue in a severely depleted state, with little or no population growth in recent decades. This mosaic of population trajectories along with demographic and life-history traits that buffer against extinction has created unique challenges for marine turtle assessments such as those by the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) Marine Turtle Specialist Group, which conducts global assessments for the IUCN Red List. While the Red Listing approach describes extinction risk, which theoretically can be useful for developing conservation priorities, the descriptors that have been assigned to marine turtles so far (e.g. Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered) state an unrealistic imminence of extinction, a problem enhanced by the fact that its global resolution fails to reflect the disparate population trends ongoing in different regions worldwide. Coupled with misuse of the Red List by governments and conservation organizations worldwide, these shortcomings have led to increased debate regarding its efficacy for marine turtles. In this paper we describe the Red Listing assessment process, the problems associated with this approach for marine turtles, as well as the overall value of Red List assessments for marine turtle conservation. We suggest that Red list assessments for marine turtles at the global scale do not accurately depict the current status of marine turtles and may have unintended consequences for their conservation. Largely the data do not exist, or are not reliable, making the use of the current criteria intractable. We discuss novel methods for conducting marine turtle assessments, such as using a wider array of the current Red List Criteria, modelling future population dynamics, and developing regional assessments and/or conservation prescriptive assessments.

183	Olive ridley turtle, Lepidochelys olivacea	WCMC / WWF	2008	165 KB
	KEYWORDS: conservation, conservation status, distribution, monitoring, Olive ridley turtle, population, threats, Turtle Excluder Device (TED)

190	Measuring the state of consciousness in a free-living diving sea turtle	Houghton JDR, Cedras A, Myers AE, Liebsch N, Metcalf JD, Mortimer JA, Hays GC	2008	225 KB
	KEYWORDS: biology, diving, Hawksbill turtle, Seychelles
	ABSTRACT: We report on results from two types of data-logger attached to hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys coriacea) in the breeding season at the Seychelles, Indian Ocean. Conventional time-depth recorders (TDRs) showed prolonged bouts of long dives to the seabed, consistent with benthic resting. This behaviour has been widely reported in sea turtles and appears to be a common feature for energy conservation. An Inter-Mandibular Angle Sensor (IMASEN) recorded mouth opening and buccal pumping by one turtle for 2.5 days. Buccal pumping occurred widely while the turtle was submerged, consistent with a function of olfactory sensory perception of the turtle's environment. However, buccal pumping stopped during the middle of long benthic dives consistent with the turtle entering a phase of sleep. It therefore appears that by recording buccal oscillations, it is possible to assess the state of consciousness of turtles allowing the eco-physiology of diving to be more fully explored.

557	Rapid assessment of sea turtle and marine mammal bycatch in the Union of the Comoros	Poonian CNS, Hauzer MD, Allaoui AB, Cox TM, Moore JE, Read AJ, Lewison RL, Crowder LB	2008	N/A
	KEYWORDS: Bycatch, Comoros, sea turtle, Artisanal fishing, cetacean, incidental capture
	ABSTRACT: The Union of the Comoros is host to internationally-significant populations of sea turtles, dugongs and cetaceans, all of which are potentially threatened by incidental catch in artisanal fishing gears. This work presented here was part of a larger initiative, known as Project GloBAL (Global Bycatch Assessment of Long-lived species), to evaluate artisanal fishing effort and bycatch of sea turtles and marine mammals in data-deficient areas. Questionnaire surveys were conducted with 409 out of the estimated 8, 500 artisanal fishers in the Comoros, on the islands of Grande Comore (25/44 landing sites) and Mohe'li (5/13 landing sites). Sea turtles (mainly Chelonia mydas) were reportedly captured in large numbers, although it was not always clear if captures were accidental or deliberate. Lower rates of turtle capture were reported from Mohe'li, possibly as a result of awareness-raising activities associated with Mohe'li Marine Park. Gillnets presented the most serious bycatch-related threat to dugongs (Dugong dugons) and current mitigation efforts such as closed areas to limit gillnet use are essential for the continued presence of this species in the Comoros. Cetaceans were rarely captured and mortality was reportedly low, with spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) the most common of several species recorded as bycatch. EXTERNAL LINK

198	Sampling design and its effect on population monitoring: how much monitoring do turtles really need?	Jackson AL, Broderick AC, Fuller WJ, Glen F, Ruxton GD, Godley BJ	2008	475 KB
	KEYWORDS: monitoring, population
	ABSTRACT: Marine turtles are a taxon of world-wide conservation concern. Effective long-term monitoring is hampered by the fact that populations are widely dispersed except during thebreeding season. Thus most monitoring programmes focus on nesting beaches, necessitating resource intensive studies, often over months, that could conceivably, be less comprehensive and focus on more parsimonious sampling. We analyse 11 years of exhaustive monitoring data for two species of Mediterranean marine turtles (Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta). We resample using a variety of plausible sub-sampling regimens to estimate the total annual nesting population. We project our dataset into the future applying a range ofpopulation change rates to explore how adopting a monitoring programme based on subsampling would, for example, affect our ability to detect population decline. We show thataccurate annual population estimates can be achieved with as few as 14 days of survey effort providing monitoring spans the peak of nesting. Furthermore, the modelled impact of sampling-based monitoring suggests that the duration to detect population change is not increased greatly. Our findings have implications for all marine turtle monitoring and have applicability to other animal groups. It is often considered desirable to perform exhaustive monitoring, with aversion of basing policy recommendations on partial data. However, comprehensive long-term monitoring programmes, particularly in developing nations, although presenting a number of advantages, are often impossible. Accurate total annual censuses can be achieved through a variety of sub-sampling regimens without sacrificing the ability to detect changes in the population trends over time. In this example, a solid block of at least 3 weeks sampling that encompasses the peak of the nesting season is advised.

203	Report of the first meeting of the Western Indian Ocean - Marine Turtle Task Force (WIO-MTTF)	Kimakwa E, Ngusaru A	2008	175 KB
	KEYWORDS: conservation, IOSEA, management, management plan, Western Indian Ocean

215	Seagrass mapping and monitoring in the Comoros Islands	Blake D	2008	381 KB
	KEYWORDS: Comoros, Green turtle, habitat, monitoring
	EXTERNAL LINK

218	Mapping seagrass meadows on the remote Bimbini Peninsula of Anjouan Island	Le Courtois S, Blake D	2008	467 KB
	KEYWORDS: Comoros, conservation, habitat, habitat destruction

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